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& Bergmann, C
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2.1.4 Dendritic cells: maturation, antigen presentation, and cytokine release Dendritic cells (DCs), as key antigen-presenting cells (APCs), orchestrate anti-tumor responses in the TIME ( Microbial metabolites like isodeoxycholic acid (isoDCA), converted from deoxycholic acid (DCA) by bacteria such as Eggerthella lenta and Clostridium scindens ( Similarly, secondary BAs like LCA and DCA suppress DC cytokine secretion (e.g., IL-12, IL-6) and co-stimulatory molecule expression through TGR5 activation, promoting tolerogenic phenotypes ( Nonetheless, BA effects vary by context